Egyptians vote in presidential election

Voting began across Egypt on Monday in a presidential election expected to deliver a sweeping victory to incumbent Abdel Fattah el Sisi.

Some 60 million voters in the Arab world's most populous country have from 0700 GMT (9:00am) on Monday until Wednesday to choose between Sisi and his sole challenger, Musa Mustafa Musa, after all serious opposition withdrew, complaining of repression.

Polls will be open for three days and Sisi, a former military commander, has urged Egyptians to go and vote, hinting that he sees the election as a referendum on his four-year rule.

While many Egyptians see the US-allied leader as vital to stability in a country where unrest since 2011 has hurt the economy, critics say he has presided over Egypt's worst-ever crackdown on dissent and have dubbed the vote a charade.

Sisi, 63, who led the military's overthrow of Egypt's first democratically elected Mohamed Morsi in 2013, has cast his bid for a second term as a vote for stability and security.

Musa Mustafa Musa

Sisi's sole challenger in the vote is Musa Mustafa Musa, a longtime Sisi supporter widely dismissed as a dummy candidate: Musa's Ghad party had actually endorsed Sisi for a second term before he emerged as a last-minute challenger.

Musa dismisses accusations he is being used to present a false sense of competition, and the electoral commission says it will ensure the vote is fair and transparent.

Turnout will be the focus

A lower-than-expected turnout could suggest Sisi lacks a mandate to take more of the tough steps needed to revive the economy, which struggled after the 2011 revolution drove away tourists and foreign investors, both sources of hard currency.

Early on Monday, dozens of people queued up to vote in and around Cairo, but not in great numbers, according to witnesses.

"We're coming to support President Sisi. Anyone who doesn't participate in the vote is a traitor," 76-year-old Saad Shahata, a civil servant, said at a polling station in Monofiya province north of Cairo.

An editorial in state-owned newspaper Al Ahram acknowledged the narrow choice for voters but suggested the mere holding of the ballot signalled Egypt was regaining its strength in the face of current domestic and foreign threats.

"The importance of presidential elections this time is not fierce competition or a real [electoral] battle, but a message to the world that Egypt is on its way through a recovery phase," it said.

Neither candidate has done much campaigning, appealing instead for a high turnout. Sisi won nearly 97 percent of the vote in 2014, but less than half of eligible Egyptians voted even though the election was extended to three days.

In remarks earlier this month that suggest Sisi may see the vote as a referendum on his performance, he said: "If (all Egyptians) vote and a third say 'No', that would be a lot better than if half that number turn out and all of them say 'Yes'."

Muzzling of opposition and arrests

Critics say Sisi's popularity since his 2014 election has been hurt by austerity reforms and a muzzling of opponents, activists and independent media. Courts have passed death sentences on hundreds of Muslim Brotherhood supporters since 2013.

Sisi's backers – who include Western powers and most Gulf Arab dynasties – say the measures are needed to keep the country stable as it recovers from political chaos and tackles an insurgency focused in the Sinai Peninsula.

Several opposition figures called for a boycott of the vote after all major opposition campaigns withdrew, saying repression had cleared the field of credible challengers.

Sisi's top opponent, former military chief of staff Sami Anan, was arrested and halted his presidential bid after the army accused him of running for office without permission.

Even before campaigning officially begun, the United Nations, rights groups and opposition figures criticised the run-up as compromised by arrests, intimidation of opponents and a nomination process stacked in favour of the incumbent.

The Civil Democratic Movement, an opposition political coalition, sharply criticised Sisi on February 2 for a speech in which he warned off anyone seeking to challenge his rule and said the events of 2011, which toppled longtime ruler Hosni Mubarak, would never happen again.

The movement called the speech an attempt to spread fear that undermined the integrity of electoral competition.

In a letter to US President Donald Trump's foreign policy team, the Working Group on Egypt, a bipartisan group of US foreign policy specialists, said the "sham election" would take place against a backdrop of massive human rights abuses.

"We urge you not to treat this election as a legitimate expression of the Egyptian people's will and to withhold praise or congratulations," it said.

It said Sisi was expected to have his supporters in parliament propose amendments to the constitution to remove presidential term limits. Sisi has said he will not seek a third term in office.