Still a trickle, but refugees sick of exile return to Syria
There is a small but growing number of refugees who have come back to Syria from among the more than 5.4 million who fled their homeland since the civil war erupted in 2011.
Ammar Maarawi, who fled Syria to Europe in early 2016 in his shop in Aleppo, Syria. A small but growing number of refugees are returning to Syria, including some who made a dangerous sea journey to Europe to flee the war. Unable to stand the cold weather, language barrier, unemployment and depression, they have chosen to return to their war-torn country rather than stay in Europe.
Desperate to escape Syria's terrors, Ammar Maarawi bolted. In early 2016, he paid smugglers and endured a dangerous sea crossing to Greece, and an exhausting journey by train, bus and foot through Europe.
Two years later, the 36-year-old is back home in Aleppo. He returned last summer—depressed, homesick and dreading another winter. He couldn't bear life in the German city of Suhl.
Germany, he said, "was boring, boring, boring."
Maarawi is among a small number of refugees who have come back to Syria from among the more than 5.4 million who fled their homeland since the civil war erupted in 2011. So far, they are just a trickle, numbering in the tens of thousands.
The United Nations and host governments in Europe are not encouraging returns, saying the country is not safe.
But the stream of returnees may grow over the coming year as stability returns to Syria, and as hostility grows towards refugees in host nations.
Despite the destruction as seen here in Aleppo, a small but growing number of Syrian refugees are returning home.
Russia- and Iran-backed military of Bashar al Assad has retaken almost all major cities, and Daesh has been driven out of almost all the territory it once held.
Motivations for going back are many. Simple homesickness is one. Many refugees have burned through whatever savings they had and either can't find, or aren't allowed to, work.
Hundreds of thousands languish in camps in neighbouring countries.
Those who make it to Europe often get assistance, but some find that the West doesn't hold the opportunities they hoped—or they face discrimination, or they feel alienated in a different culture with language barriers and harsh weather.
Still, the reasons to remain in exile also weigh heavily. The calm in some parts of Syria relies on tenuous local truces. Fighting still rages in some areas, including between Assad's forces and opposition forces in the northwest and other pockets. Many young men won't come back, fearing they'll have to do their compulsory military service.
Even in parts where fighting has stopped and seems unlikely to resume for the moment, cities have suffered massive destruction.
An estimated 6.1 million Syrians still in the country have been displaced from their homes—so refugees are not the only ones waiting to go back.
Some refugees are returning undocumented from camps like these in Lebanon.
Figures
Figures on returnees are difficult to pin down. Syrian officials say they do not have exact numbers, adding that many come back through Lebanon, and are not questioned if they were refugees or simply travelling Syrians. European countries and Turkey do not track whether Syrians leaving are returning home.
The UNHCR has observed some 68,000 refugees who returned on their own from neighbouring countries from January to October 2017. These are the most recent figures available, according to spokesman Andrej Mahecic. He said the number of returnees is dwarfed by those remaining in Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and across Europe, and those still leaving Syria.
Turkey, home to 3.5 million Syrian refugees, cleared a pocket of territory from terrorist organisations in northwest Syria along the countries' shared border last year. Since then, some 130,000 Syrians from that area have returned.
From Jordan, home to 650,000 refugees, only around 8,000 Syrians returned home in all of 2017, according to UNHCR figures. Most went soon after a local truce was reached in part of southern Syria in July, but then the numbers tapered off later in the year.
In Lebanon, the UNHCR said last month that the number of registered refugees dropped to below one million for the first time since 2014. Some had resettled in third countries, or had died, but a few thousand returned home.
Not always ready
Not all are going back because they are ready to do so.
One woman, Umm Wissam, told The Associated Press she returned to Syria in August after six years in Jordan. Her husband was deported several months earlier—one of around 2,300 deported by Jordan in 2017. He had been working in construction in Jordan and without his income, Umm Wissam and the couple's five children couldn't continue to live there. The family is from Aleppo, but the cost of living there has forced them to settle in the southern Syrian city of Daraa.
"The situation here, unfortunately, is no water, no electricity, no work. Our situation is very tiring, I swear to God," she wrote on WhatsApp.
Maarawi, meanwhile, was happy to be home. He sat behind a desk in his tire repair shop near Aleppo's main Saadallah al-Jabiri Square. The city is largely at peace now after regime retook from opposition forces there in December 2016.
Epic
Like many others, Maarawi embarked on an epic journey to reach safety in Europe. He left Syria in January 2016. From Turkey, he took one of the crowded, inflatable smugglers' boats to the Greek island of Lesbos—an especially hazardous trip, because he doesn't know how to swim. He made his way across Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia and Austria, enduring long train rides and walks through forests.
In Germany, he began learning the language and training for work. The Germans provided food, clothes and a stipend, but "in the town where I was staying there was no life, there were few people, you suffer psychological pressure, depression, and it is cold," he said.
He lasted just a few months, returning in July.
Adeeb Ayoub, 13, center, who had fled Syria with his uncle in 2015 to Germany, walks with his father Firas on their way to Friday prayers in Aleppo, Syria.
Adeeb Ayoub is a 13-year-old boy who took the sea trip to Greece with his uncle in 2015. "I felt that the possibility of surviving the sea is bigger than surviving in Aleppo," said his father, Firas Ayoub.
"Before, if you had given me Europe, America and all the continents of the world, I would not leave my country," said Firas, who owns a chocolate shop in central Aleppo.
"The idea of leaving came when the war crushed everything. Can someone stay and live in a ball of fire? Wherever you go, it's fire, shells and rockets."
The hope was that after the son was settled in Europe, his parents and three siblings would be allowed to join him. But that never worked out, so after two years, his parents told him to return. In September, the boy arrived at Damascus airport, welcomed by his weeping mother.
"It was an adventure," Adeeb said, sitting next to a diesel heater on a cold morning at his parents' apartment in western Aleppo.
This undated family photo shows Adeeb Ayoub, 13, center, who had fled Syria with his uncle in 2015 to Germany, posing for a picture with other refugee children and their German teachers at a school for refugees in Germany.
In the German town of Reinheim, he went to school and was a mid-fielder on the local soccer team. Now Adeeb plays for Aleppo's Itihad soccer team, one of the top teams in Syria.
He says he wouldn't return to Europe if he had the chance.
"This is our country," he said. "If we go to another country, to Germany, the people there are not like us."
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