Why did oil prices plunge below $0 and does it mean cheaper fuel for you?

The world is awash with oil, but there's little demand for it and we're running out of places to put it.

That, in a nutshell, explains Monday's strange and unprecedented events on the market, where traders essentially offered to pay others to deal with the oil they were due to have delivered next month.

The price of West Texas intermediate crude that would be delivered in May was selling for around $15 a barrel on Monday morning, but fell as low as -$40 per barrel during the day. The price bounced out of the negative on Tuesday.

“It’s the worst oil price in history, which shouldn’t surprise us, because it’s the inevitable result of the biggest supply and demand disparity in history,” said Ryan Sitton, commissioner at the Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates the state’s oil industry.

There's little mystery as to why there's so little demand for oil. 

Efforts to limit the spread of the coronavirus have major cities around the world on lockdown, air travel has been seriously curtailed and millions of people are working from home, leading to far fewer commuters on the roads.

But pumps are still running, extracting oil from the ground and all that oil has to go somewhere. 

Here are some questions and answers about the latest developments in the oil patch, like has this ever happened before.

But first, how will this affect the price of petrol?

Short answer, yes.

Cheap oil leads to cheaper prices at the pump, which are often viewed as a boon for consumers. The average price in the US for a gallon of regular gasoline fell to about $1.49 or less, more than $1 less than a year ago, according to AAA.

But this time around, it's not good for anybody, said Jim Burkhard, vice president at IHS Markit.

“Typically when oil prices fall, gasoline prices fall and that benefits consumers,” Burkhard said.

"But prices are falling today because hardly anyone driving, they’re driving a lot, lot less. So it’s difficult for anyone to take advantage of these lower gasoline prices if they’re not driving. So there’s no winner in this situation today.”

With recent lower oil prices, the typical American family is probably going to save about $150 to $175 this month on their fuel purchases.

What's a crude oil future?

A crude oil future is a future contract in which buyers of oil and sellers of oil agree to deliver a set amount of crude oil on a set date in the future.

The benchmark futures contract for crude oil in the US involes  the West Texas intermediate crude or WTI, a type of oil traded on the NYMEX

A futures contract is for 1,000 barrels of crude, delivered into Cushing, Oklahoma, the heart of the US pipeline network, where energy companies own storage tanks with roughly 76 million barrels of capacity.

Each contract trades for a month.

What does a 'negative futures price' even mean?

The price of a barrel of crude varies based on factors such as supply, demand and quality. 

Supply of fuel has been far above demand since the coronavirus forced billions of people to stop travelling.

Because of oversupply, storage tanks for WTI are becoming so full it is difficult to find space. 

The US Energy Information Administration said last week that storage at Cushing was about 72 percent full as of April 10.

"There's no available storage anymore so the price of the commodity is effectively worthless," said Bob Yawger, director of futures at Mizuho in New York. 

"So when it's minus a dollar, they'll pay you a dollar to get it out of there."

The price plunge was partly due to the way oil is traded. 

The May contract due to expire on Tuesday.

Investors holding May contracts didn't want to take delivery of the oil and incur storage costs, and in the end had to pay people to take it off their hands.

The June contract, with delivery a month away, is still trading at above $20 a barrel, but the price crash indicates that most storage space has been gobbled up.

Has the price of oil ever gone negative before?

Sometimes, the price on the future delivery of oil will get skewed by a surprise event, say an oil pipeline bursts. 

That can cause the price of a futures contract for a given month to be sharply higher or lower than that of the futures contract for the next month.

Usually, this is smoothed out by the market, but the sharp pullback in demand combined with a glut of oil amid the coronavirus pandemic has led to a dearth of oil storage capacity. 

That made it hard for traders with contracts for crude delivery in May to find buyers, which sent the contract price into negative territory.

“This has never happened before, not even close,” said Tim Bray, senior portfolio manager at GuideStone Capital Management in Dallas.

"We’ve never seen a negative price on a futures contract for oil."

What's going on with oil storage?

With far less petrol and jet fuel being consumed, oil tanks are starting to fill up. Experts have been warning that global storage could fill up in late April or early May.

That's led some producers to decide to move oil now, because the space may become more valuable than the oil, Sitton said.

“There’s so much oversupply, and storage is fulling up,” Sitton said. “Eventually, you go to a point where literally, there’s so much of a valuable commodity in the world that the commodity no longer has value.

And that’s what we’re seeing.”

Where will the oil go?

With many oil tanks filling up, the US government is negotiating with companies to store crude oil in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 

But if all the storage tanks are full, oil companies will begin shutting in wells, which can damage oil fields. 

Many tankers are full of oil and floating at sea.

Are oil companies paying people to take away their crude?

While some companies may be paying others to take away their crude oil, that does not appear to be widespread.

Many analysts described the dip in crude oil prices as technical, related to the way futures contracts are written. Most buyers are currently purchasing oil that would be delivered in June, not May.

Even so, there were more than 150,000 of those futures contracts that traded hands, enough volume to make it meaningful, said Ryan Fitzmaurice, energy strategist at Rabobank.

“In my view, today’s move was more technical in nature and related to the futures contract expiration,” Fitzmaurice said. 

“We could see isolated incidents where oil companies pay people to take their oil away as storage and pipeline capacity become scarce but that is unlikely on a sustained basis.”

Why didn't the Opec deal fix this?

Earlier this month, Opec and its allies, with political pressure from the US government, agreed to cut production by nearly 10 million barrels per day – about 10 percent of current global output. 

But some analysts feel the deal didn't go far enough to curb massive oversupply. 

It kept prices from falling farther for the time being, but there's still too much oil in the world.